Bioenergy Resources -Integration Approach for a Self Sufficient Energy Village

Introduction:				personal interaction with the villages was collected.
In the present				The demands of the energy required for cooking/
energy scenario most of the population lives in				domestic sector was satisfied by using the
rural areas with short of electricity supply, which is				pigeonpea, cotton and sunflower residues. A large
the main obstacle in the development of rural				amount of residue were found surplus in the
areas. The increasing consumption of conventional				villages. Cattle dung and cotton residues as a
fuels coupled with environmental degradation has				biomass were found major surplus in the village.
led to the development of renewable energy				Table 5 depict information of the yearly availability
sources. Hence, it is necessary to supply				of agricultural residue, production, consumption and
renewable electricity to these areas in				surplus in the village. It was found that 8671.5 q
decentralized mode. Renewable energy sources				cattle dung and among agro residue 1197.5 q
are the most feasible solutions, as these are				cotton residue were found surplus (Fig. 2).
unlimited, inexhaustible and environment friendly				Table 5. Collection, consumption and surplus of
sustainable resources. The rural villages have				energy in village
substantial renewable energy sources like biomass,
solar, wind etc. The problem caused by variable				Biomass source
nature of these resources can be partially				Collection (q)
overcome by either installing individual large				Consumption (q)
renewable power plant or adding energy storage				Surplus (q)
and reconversion facilities and / or by integration.				Cattle dung
(Kanse Patil et al. 2008, Rajvanshi A.K. 2002,				11644.5
Ravindranath N.H.et al. 2004,and Shukla P.R. 2008)				2973
1. Assessment of				8671.5
available bio resources is helpful in revealing its				Cotton
status and helps in taking conservation measures				5531.8
and ensures a sustained supply to meet the				4334.3
energy demand. Assessment of bioenergy				1197.5
potential can be theoretical, technical or economic.				Soybean
Sukla (2008) reported that despite rapid growth				1139.6
of commercial energy, biomass remains principle				1139.6
energy source in rural and traditional sectors and				0
contributes a third of India’s energy. For				Sorghum
development of rural area one of the solution				3827.1
will be the utilization of sources, that lies within a				3827.1
village itself that is non commercial energy				0
sources. These sources can be harnessed				Pigeonpea
efficiently by adopting gasifier, biogas plants, solar				503.5
collectors, tree plantation etc. which will provide				426
lightning for home and streets, fuel for cooking				77.5
and water heating motive power, power for				Maize
pumps for irrigation etc. for efficient utilization of				1899.2
non commercial energy resources and exploitation				1899.2
of new one for rural area proper planning is				0
essential. ( Chauhan S. 2008, Chauhan S. et al.				Gram
2004, Ericsson et al. 2006, Esteban L.S. et al.				718.74
2008, Fischer G. et al. 2001 and Fuchs, M.R.et al.				718.74
2005 )				0
This work has emphases mainly on to find out				Sunflower
the potential of agrowaste, livestock waste and				471.5
biomass available in the village for energy				347
generation. Keeping above views in mind the				124.5
study was taken with objectives to assess
bioresources potential of village 'Nimbhora' and				Fig. 2: Collection, consumption and surplus of
suggest renewable energy planning for self				energy in village
sufficient energy village.
MATERIALS AND METHOD				Consumption of bioresources and energy in village
Biomass resource assessment				Detailed summary of energy consumption for
Field surveys based on household and direct				various major activities (Biomass and allied
interview methods was carried out in the village				energy) was carried out in this investigation. Table
to collect potential available of biomass. Biomass				6 reveals the information about the consumption
energy supply was based primarily on land use				of electricity of households, processing mills,
statistics and yield of various crops, plantation and				consumption through street lamps, school, gram
forest biomass productivities and the animal				panchayat, temples, post office etc. There were
waste available.				only three floor grinding mills available in the village.
Village information				There were 170 households in the village. Since
The study was being conducted at Nimbhora in				the soil of village Nimbhora comes under saline
Akola District of Maharashtra State. It is 20 km				track, most of the farming was rainfed and there
away from Akola. The major crops grown in the				was no irrigation facility.
village were cotton, sorghum, soybean, green				Table 6 : Yearly consumption of electricity in the
gram, pigeonpea, gram etc. Total population of				village Nimbhora
the village is 951 consisting of 170 households. The
detail information of each family was obtained by				Household kWh (A)
personal interaction with the people. It was				Agro processing mill kWh (B)
observed that total geographical area in				School street lamp temple and various offices in
Nimobhora was 1443.38 acre and area under				village (C) kWh
cultivation is 1352.8 acre. All the cultivable area				Total A + B+ C (kWh)
was rainfed and there was no facility of irrigation
in the area.				85410
Biomass from agricultural and residues
The cultivated area and the biomass yield of each				10585
crop influence the biomass potential from
agricultural residues. The yield of a crop according				5372.8
to season and variety across an area was
obtained by a averaging the yields of the previous				101367.8
years. The energy equivalent of these residues
was taken based on what would be obtained if
they would be subjected to the most energy
efficient transformation processes. Portion of the				Fig. 3 : Yearly consumption of electricity in the
residues available were used as fuel, while some				village Nimbhora
used as fodder, and the rest left behind in the
field for nutrient recycling. Energy from agriculture				Table 6 shows the outlook of electrical energy
residues (E1).				consumption of various operational uses in the
E1 = Energy from agriculture residue (kcal)				village. It was observed that yearly consumption
= Total agro residue production – consumption				of electrical energy in village comes to be
of agro residue				101367.8 kWh (Fig. 3).
				Nearly 7800 ? diesel was consumed annually for
				the tractor operation and 4562 ? of petrol
				required for vehicles available in the village. The
				villagers used 10 motorcycles for conveyance.
				Kerosene and LPG was used as a fuel for lighting
				and cooking purpose in the village which is
				depicted in Table 7.

Table 1: Grain to straw ratio of various crops .

Crop				Table 7 : Yearly consumption of liquid fuel and LPG
Grain / Straw				in Nimbhora
Cotton
3 t/ha				Parameter
Soybean				Number
1:1				Diesel ?
Jawar				Petrol ?
1:3				Kerosene ?
Pigeonpea				LPG cylinders or refills
1:4				Motor cycle
Gram				10
1:1.3				4562
Green gram				Tractor
1: 1.3				3
Maize				7800
1:4				Cooking and lighting
Sunflower				5352
1:2				Cooking
Source : Dubey et al. (2009)				187
Heat value of various crops were taken in range				Available energy from biomass
of 3000-3650 kcal/kg The heat value for cotton,				The information about the quantity of biomass
pigeonpea and sunflower were taken as 3500,				resources available in the village Nimbhora is given
3000 and 3650 kcal/kg respectively.				in Table 8 . Agricultural residue such as cotton,
Biomass from forest lands				pigeonpea, soybean and cattle dung etc were also
The biomass potential of the forests is dependent				the major available resources of biomass in the
on the type of forest and its distribution cover.				village. For calculating energy generation capacity
The biomass production varies with the type of				of biomass resources, calorific values of the
forest. The forest wood fuel collected annually by				biomass were considered (Fig.4). Considering all
the household from the adjoining forest area was				the available surplus quantity of biomass, total
taken with the energy equivalent. Total energy				energy generation in the village was found to be
from forests (E2) was computed by				727539.82 kWh.
E2 =Energy from forests (kcal)				Table 8 : Available bio energy from surplus
=Annual wood collected - Consumption of wood in				biomass resources
household activates
				Biomass source
Biomass from live stock (animals)
The livestock population of cattle, buffalo, sheep				Quantity (q)
and goat was collected from the personal				Total possible energy available, kcal
interaction with the respondents. It was taken as				Energy generation kWh
12-15 kg/animal/day for buffalo, 3.0-7.5 kg/animal				Cotton
day for cattle, 0.1 kg/animal/day for sheep and				1197.5
goat. The total dung produced annually was				419097000
calculated by multiplication of the animal dung				487322
production per year and the number of head of				Pigeonpea
different animals. Assuming 0.036-0.042 m3 biogas				77.5
yields per kg of cattle/buffalo dung, the total				23268000
quantity of gas available was estimated. Total				27055.8
energy from livestock (E3) was computed by				Sunflower
E3 = Energy from livestock (kcal)				124.5
= Total cow dung collected - direct dung				45442500
consumption through cake				52840.11
				Dung
				8671.5
				137876850
Table 2 : Dung yield, biogas yield and energy				160321.91
equivalent for livestock.				Total possible energy generation kWh
Livestock type				727539.82 kWh
Case
Dung yield kg/animal/ day
Biogas yield m3
Energy equivalent kcal/m3
Buffalo
High				Fig. 4: Available bio energy from surplus biomass
15				resources
0.042
5300				It realized that electrical energy consumption was
Low				found less than the bioresources energy available
10				in the village. The ratio of energy generation from
0.036				bioresource to the energy consumption of the
5300				village was around 7:1.
Cattle				It means that the energy used by the villagers
High				was found much less than the biomass generated
7.5				in the village. It is also realized that gasification
0.042				based electrical energy generation system and
5300				biogas electrical energy generation project will be
Low				possible alternative for generating electrical energy
3				in the village. A proposed renewable energy
0.036				system will not have any impact on the ecological
5300				cycle of the village bioresources.
Goat				Biomass gasifier and digester
High				Power generation capacity from agro residues
0.1				The planning of the suitable system for energy
0.042				generation at village level was the first step.
5300				Proper planning minimizes the cost of system and
Low				the future cost of the energy generation. The
0.1				surplus biomass availale in the village was cotton
0.036				residue, pigeon pea residue sunflower residues and
5300				cattle dung. The overall conversion efficiency of
Sheep				producer gas based electrical energy production
High				was reported 17%. The total installation capacity
0.1				of power generation based on gasifier system
0.042				was found to be 35 kW (Table 9).
5300
Low
0.1				Table 9 : Possible energy generation with installed
0.036				power capacity of gasifier.
5300
Total biomass sources available from various				Energy from cotton, pigeon pea and sunflower
sectors was computed by aggregating the				residue kWh
energy computed from individual sectors				Total installed capacity
(forestry, agriculture residues, livestock) and given				96427.00
by				35
Energy availability = ? (E1 + E2 + E3)
Energy utilization pattern of village				Power generation capacity from cattle waste
In this study, the energy consumption patterns of				The cattle dung was a main vital source for the
the village was studied from the survey. All socio				bio power generation in the village. The total
economic activities related to the energy use was				quantity of surplus cattle dung available in village
collected. The use of energy in houses, village				was 8671.5 q per year. The overall conversion
lightning system, use of diesel in tractor allied				efficiency of biogas based electrical energy
machineries, use of petrol for two wheeler and				production was reported 25 % (Biogas to
small agro processing units was collected.				electrical energy). Considering surplus cattle dung a
Energy Density of village				15 kW size of digester based power generator
The energy density of the village was calculated				was estimated for village Nimbhora.
for knowing the energy potential available per				Table 10 : Possible energy generation with installed
hectare. The total possible energy generation				power capacity of digester.
from all the biomass sources was determined by
using the heat value of the biomass. This means				Cattle dung surplus (q)
that the energy density is the total possible				Energy (kWh)
energy available through biomass sources in a				Total installed capacity kW
particular area. The computational formula for the
calculation of energy density was taken as				8671.5

Total possible energy				40080.47
generation (kWh)
ED =				15
--------------------------------------------------------------
Total geographical area of
village (ha)				Biomass generation of village
Where, ED is energy density in kWh per hectare				The sizes of the power generation have been
Biomass power generator size selection				decided with the total energy generation in a year.
The sizes of the biomass power generator was				The table 4.9 insight the overall picture of the
decided on the basis of the quantities of biomass				energy generation. Considering the conversion
available and the overall conversion efficiency				efficiency of the gasification and digester based
computed and decided by means of the following				power generation system for the predicted green
formulae.				energy in a year. The total energy generation
				from the possible installed capacity of generator
Energy =				was found to be 136507.47 kWh.
Quantity of x Heating				Table 4.9 : Sizes of biomass power generator
x Conversiongeneration				with one year energy generation.
(kWh)
biomass				Gasifier kW
value efficiency				Digester kW
This relation mainly emphasized on the total				Energy gasifier kWh
energy generation of the system. The size of				Energy digester kWh
power generator (crop residue based) can be				Total install power kW
calculated by using following relationship.				Total energy kWh
� Energy
generation (kWh)				35
Power generator size (kW) =
----------------------------------------------				15
� Yearly
operating hours (h)				96427
The sizes for the digester based power
generation was computed by using the following				40080.47
relation:
Energy generation (kWh)= Biogas x heating				45
value x conversion efficiency
The operating hours per day and thereby as				136507.47
whole year for digester based power generation
system was decided for calculation. The size of
power generator of biogas operated was				CONCLUSIONS
calculated by using following relationship.				The study revealed that the village was having
� Energy				considerable surplus of bioresources. Among the
generation (kWh)				bioresources, cotton residue and cattle dung
Power generator size (kW) =				contributed significantly toward surplus bioenergy.
-----------------------------------------				Based on the bioenergy status, feasible
� Yearly				management and technical options was discussed
operating hours (h)				which would helpful in optimizing the available
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION				bioenergy and in building a sustainable energy. The
Bioresources potential for village Nimbhora was				proposed renewable energy system will minimize
assessed and on the basis of surplus availability				the burden on the existing resources so as to
renewable energy planning for self sufficient				become self sufficient energy village. In village
energy village was carried out and discussed in				Nimbhora, bioenergy availability and demand of
this chapter.				energy computation showed that the village could
Status of biomass sources in village				be self sufficient in respect to energy. It was
The biomass potential, demand and energy use				found that surplus cotton residue available with
pattern in the villages was calculated from the				quantity 1197.5 q in one year and therefore,
available data. The bulk of dung was obtained in				contributed the main bioresources in the village. A
the village from bullock, cow, buffalo and calf 189,				large quantity of cattle dung was available in
123, 25 and 113 in numbers respectively.				village. The availability of the cattle dung was
It was observed that 11644.5 q dung was				found to be 8671.5 q in a year By incorporating
available in village Nimbhora and among the				the demand of the bioresources, it was also
agricultural waste cotton residues was major				observed that bioresources produced in the village
source of biomass contributing about 5531.8 q				is surplus.It was found that energy demand of the
(Table 3 and Fig.1). Pigeonpea and sunflower were				village comes to be 101367.8 kWh. The surplus
also important biomass sources while planning the				bioenergy resource of the village had a energy
self energy strategy of the respective village.				generation capacity upto the 727539.82 kWh. The
Table 3 : Status of biomass in village Nimbhora				ratio of bioresources availability to demand
				represent the bioresources status and it was
Sr. No.				found 7:1. It clearly indicates that bioresources in
Biomass source				the village was surplus. It was realized that,
				renewable energy generation system, based on
Total quantity (q)				gasification and biogas suited to the village
1				bioresources which have no ecological impact on
Dung				cycle of bioresources. The total power generator
11644.5				size of proposed renewable energy system was
2				found to be 50 kW for village Nimbhora.
Cotton
5531.8				References:
3				[1] Chauhan S. (2008) Assessment of sustainable
Pigeonpea				surplus biomass resources for power generation
503.56				potential in the state of Haryana, India. Journal of
4				Energy Innovation and Entrepreneurship (5): 28-43.
Sorghum				[2] Chauhan S. and Sbri C.S. (2004) Assessment
3827.1				of biomass availability for power generation in
5				selected talukas of Utteranchal state. ENVIS
Green gram				Bulletin: 1-6.
339				[3] Dubey A. and Gangil S. (2009) Status of
6				availability of surplus biomass power generation.
Sunflower				Advance in biomass utilization for electricity
471.5				generation, CIAE Bhopal page. 25.
7				[4] Ericsson . and Nilson L.J. (2006) Assessment of
Gram				the potential biomass supply in Europe using a
718.7				resource focused approach. Biomass and
8				bioenergy, Vol 30 : 1-15.
Soybean				[5] Esteban L.S., Ciria P. and Corrasco J.E., (2008)
1139.62				An assessment of relevant methodological
9				elements and criteria for surveying sustainable
Maize				agricultural and forestry biomass by product for
1899				energy purposes: Surveying sustainable biomas,
				Bioresources 3 (3): pp. 910-928.
				[6] Fischer G. and Schrattenholzer L. (2001)
Fig. 1 : Status of biomass in village Nimbhora				Global bioenergy potentials through 2050. Biomass
Livestock bio energy sources				and bioenergy 20 (3): 151-159.
In this study, information about all the bioenergy				[7] Fuchs, M.R. and Frear, C. (2005) Biomass
resources was collected and presented in table 4				invenstory and bioenergy assessment: an
reveals the information about the production and				evaluation of organic material resources for
use of the animal dung in the village. It was found				bioenergy production in Washington State.
that 11644.5 q of cattle dung was available in one				Available at
year with a consumption of 2973 q and surplus				[8] Kanase Patil A.B., Saini R.P. and Sharma M.P.
available 8670 q, which help to fulfill the demand				(2008) Integrated Renewable energy system for
of villages by using the suitable renewable energy				off grid electrification of remote rural area:
conversion system.				Renewable energy and environment for
Table 4: Use and surplus of the cattle dung in the				sustainable Development, Page 169.
village				[9] Rajvanshi A.K. (2002) Talukas can Provide
				Critical Mass for India’s Sustainable
No. of animals				Development. Current Science Vol. 82 No. 6, Page
Dung available (q)				632-637.
Total consumption (q)				[10] Ramachandra T.V., Kamakshi G. and Shruti
Surplus (q)				B.V. (2004) Bioresearch status in Karnataka.
526				Renewable and sustainable energy reviews. 8 (1):
11644.5				1-47.
2973				[11] Ravindranath N.H., Somashekar H.F., Dasappa
8671.5				S. and C.N. Jayasheela Reddy (2004) Sustainable
				biomass power for rural India: case study of
Collection and surplus of bio resources in village				biomass gasifier for village electrification. Current
In the selected village all biomass sources were				Science Vol. 87 No. 7, Page 932.
collected for the determination of the biomass				[12] Shukla P.R. (2008) Biomass energy in India:
generation capacity. Simultaneously the				Policies and prospects. E2 Analytics energy +
consumption of the bio resources from the				environment. Available at : com.

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Bioenergy Resources -Integration Approach for a Self Sufficient Energy Village